World History : Chapter 22

Ottoman empire collapsed after WW1,this gave a rise to the number of of new states in Europe as well as in the Middle East
WWll ended the German and Japanese empires
Intrusive U.S. presence was a big factor stimulating the Mexican American Revolution in 1910
Much of Mexico's oil industry was owned by American and British investors

The increasing democratic values of European states ran counter to the essential dictatorship of colonial rule
The enormously powerful force of nationalism now played a major role in its disintegration
World wars weakened Europe while discrediting any sense of European moral superiority
Colonial rules began to plan for a new political relationship with their Asian & African subjects
Planning for decolonization include gradual political reforms, investments in railroads, ports, and telegraph lines: the holding elections and the writing of circumstances

Nationalism surfaced in Vietnam in the early 1900's, but the country didn't achieve full political independence until the mid 1970's
In West Africa, nationalist relied on peaceful political pressure to achieve independence
8 yrs of warfare preceded Algerian independence from France in 1962
India was among the first colonies to achieve independence & provide a model
South Africa was among the last to throw off political domination by whites

British differed from earlier invaders in ways that promoted a growing sense of India identity
The most important political expression of an all-Indian identify took shape in the Indian National Congress (INC) often called Congress Party, established in 1885
INC was largely an urban phenomenon and quite moderate in its demands
INC had difficulty gaining a mass following among India's vast peasant population
British attacks on the Islamic Ottoman Empire antagonized India's muslims
Colonial India became independent in 1947 as two countries
A muslim Pakistan itself divided into two wings 1000 miles apart

Country's black African majority had no political rights whatsoever within the central state
Had a developed mature industrial economy by the early 20th century
By the 1960's the economy had benefited from extensive foreign investment and loans
Native Reserves served as ethnic homelands that kept Africans divided along tribal lines
Established in 1912 the African National Congress (ANC), liked its Indian predecessor was led by male, educated, professional, and middle-class Africans who were "Civilized Men"
Women were denied full membership in the ANC until 1943
Soweto rebellion persisted, and by the 1980's spreading urban violence
The 1994 elections brought the ANC to power

Many developing countries were culturally very diverse with little loyal to a central state
The British began to hand over power in a gradual way well before complete independence was granted in 1947
Africans sometimes suggested that their traditional cultures based on communal rather than individualistic values
Economic disappointments, class resentment, and ethnic conflicts provided the context for numerous military takeovers
Cuba revolution of 1959 brought Fidel Castro to power, establishing in Latin American a communist outpost intent on spreading its revolutionary message
in 1970 Chileans elected a Marxist politician, Salvador Allende, whose Popular United Party brought together the country’s socialist and communists
Allende welcomed Fidel Castro for a month long visit in 1971in efforts to achieve genuine revolutionary change by legal and peaceful and legal means

Global South priority was economic development
Economic development took place in societies sharply divided by class, religion, ethnic groups and gender in a face of explosive population growth
Colonial rule had provided only the most slender foundations for modern development
In China and India, the new approach generated rapid economic growth, but also growing inequalities and social conflicts
An emphasis on city based industrial development, stirred by vision of a rapid transition to modernity, led to a neglect or exploitation of rural areas and agriculture
Women also were central to many governments increased interest in curtailing pop growth

World History